Saturday, August 31, 2019

On the Road by Jack Kerouac Essay

Now considered not only a legendary work within the history of American literature, Jack Kerouac’s â€Å"On the Road† is also regarded as the pivotal work of an entire generation of young Americans looking for purpose and direction in a nation not far removed from world war, and becoming increasingly complicated and fast paced. In the midst of the sweeping societal changes depicted through Kerouac’s characters in â€Å"On the Road†, the protagonist of the story, Dean Moriarty, stands as an iconic, enigmatic figure. In this essay, the dynamics and complexities of Moriarty’s personality, as well as the changes that this personality undergoes as â€Å"On the Road† unfolds will be discussed in order to better understand not only Moriarty as a character, but also what he represents. Dean Moriarty’s Changes Within the Plot of â€Å"On the Road† The changes that Moriarty goes through in Kerouac’s book are symbolic not only of the general direction of his life itself, but also the society in which he lives, the people with whom he interacts, and what the future holds for everyone, including this character himself. Gaining even a fundamental understanding of the character of Moriarty in necessary to make this possible. Dean Moriarty makes a notable entrance into the plot of â€Å"On the Road†; from the very beginning, he captures the interest of the other characters in the book because of his very nature, which is highly animated, yet appealing because of his obvious passion for life and his interest in living every moment to its fullest (Whissen, 1992). At the same time, showing that he is a constantly changing individual, Moriarty is alienated from some of the more conventional people who are friends with other main characters in the story, a divide which none of the main characters make an effort to remedy, setting the stage for Moriarty to blaze his own path in subsequent sections of the book. Perhaps on of the most significant characteristics of Moriarty, which serves as a catalyst for many of the changes through which he goes, is the fact that he is very appealing to the opposite sex; this sort of romantic tension creates a bit of mystery about Moriarty (Swartz, 1999). This charisma also opens up a world of possibilities for Moriarty to explore, and presents him with many temptations and challenges that other people may never experience. Whether this charisma with women was something that came about just by the way that Moriarty presented himself, or it was something toward which he aspired and took specific steps to ensure that women would find him desirable, this aspect of his personality was the first step in the changes that he undergoes throughout the story. First, in regard to Moriarty’s changes, the fact that he carries on multiple relationships with women, many at the same time, makes it necessary for Moriarty to constantly travel throughout the nation, truly embodying the â€Å"on the road† lifestyle which forms the backbone of Kerouac’s book. The consequences of these many relationships, and the ensuing complications and commitments that come out of them, create problems for Moriarty that he is forced to confront, and conform to as well. The complexity of these relationships is made even more dramatic by the fact that eventually, Moriarty fathers multiple children with multiple women, making it all but impossible for him to carry on any kind of a conventional life or to remain stationery in one place for any amount of time; the ability that most people have to lead an ordinary, day to day existence, is denied Moriarty because of the choices he makes in his personal life until almost the end of the book. A second area of change for Dean Moriarty is seen in his social interactions with friends beyond the level of romantic interludes. Socially, Moriarty also undergoes a great deal of change as the plot of the book unfolds. Because of Moriarty’s alienation from people beyond his immediate circle of close friends, he becomes more withdrawn from the regular social aspects of everyday society and has a sort of sadness and emptiness about him. This emptiness is filled with sordid affairs with women as was discussed earlier, travel, and excesses such as drinking and outlandish behavior, which will be discussed in more detail in a subsequent section of this essay. Moriarty’s charismatic nature in some instances is also important to realize from the viewpoint of the change that he affects in others, perhaps most significantly in the case of his best friend, Sal Paradise. Because Sal looks up to Dean in basically every area of life as a role model of sorts (Whissen, 1992), he imitates even Dean’s worst behavioral traits, including the constant traveling. The foolishness of this imitation is made more dramatic by the fact that Sal is older than Dean, making the implication that Dean could in fact learn a lot from Sal if the situation were somehow reversed. Finally, a change that Moriarty attempts is as significant as any of the others which he ahs undergone throughout â€Å"On the Road†. Ultimately, Moriarty attempts to take on the persona of a civilized and responsible individual when he acknowledges his responsibilities to his marriage vows and the children that were created as a result of his marital union. Getting a job and attempting to settle into a normal, structured home life, Moriarty does give this endeavor and life change a sincere effort, but he soon finds that this is more difficult for him than he may have expected. Due to this realization, which some might say is a recognition of his own nature as a traveling, somewhat chaotic individual with a high level of appeal to women in general, he quickly loses interest in being a good father and husband; for example, ignoring the cries of his child, obsessing about the other women with whom he was involved in the past, and more than likely planning the next step of his symbolic and literally road journey in a search for what is missing in his life, and what the life of an average husband/father, in his view, fails to deliver. An Insight into Moriarty’s Mindset By studying the pattern of Moriarty’s behavior, and the different personalities and attitudes he embraces, it is much easier to profile the mindset of this enigmatic and complicated character. Moriarty’s inner emptiness is apparent when his actions and value systems, flawed as they are, are separated from the action of â€Å"On the Road†, and the story itself is looked at in a more philosophical way. The argument can be made that Moriarty’s mindset is symbolic of the state of affairs in America at the time that Kerouac wrote his book; because the nation was in the process of gaining a new identity following World War II and before the Korean War reached its climax, the nation collectively, and Dean Moriarty individually, began to question what the nature of life is all about and whether the regular, day to day life of the average person is the best state of living that one can reach (Begnal, 1998). A restless nation, reflected in the restless persona of Moriarty, comes shining through, towering over the plot and other characters of the book itself. Also, the question of the nature of Moriarty’s charisma is important when gaining a fuller understanding of his mindset and value system. If one takes the position that Moriarty was embedded with charisma and it was beyond his control to do anything but to submit to its power, then Moriarty can be sympathetically viewed as a victim. However, if the position is taken that Moriarty was a calculating individual whose romantic flings were deliberately worked toward and pursued as a goal, then Moriarty can be seen as less than a charming Casanova, and more accurately, a dangerous predator that poisons every relationship with which he comes into contact. The many changes of Dean Moriarty, as well as the changes he influences in others and the effects that he has on those with whom he interacts, all conspire to create within him a great deal of conflict and anxiety, which displays itself in a sort of madness. This madness is also important to understand when studying the dynamic nature of Moriarty himself. Moriarty’s Descent into Madness By creating human conflict, chaos and turmoil for virtually everyone he meets, Moriarty has built for himself a complicated lifestyle that can be said to be rooted in madness. This madness, like so many of the other facets of Moriarty’s being, eventually spill out into the open for everyone to see, much like the classic example of someone wearing their heart on their sleeve. Generally speaking, it can be fairly said that one of the most characteristic displays of some level of madness in the mind of Dean Moriarty can be seen in his wanderlust-based lifestyle and personality. Just as Moriarty traveled from one romantic liaison to another, and fathered one child after another, he journeyed from one physical location to another. This journey can be viewed as a quest to fill the emptiness within his soul in some instances, or a desire to escape from any form of commitment in others. The comparison of this journey to the journey of realization that America was taking at the time is also accurate and appropriate. Whichever comparison one chooses, no one can deny that the rapid pace at which Moriarty went back and forth from one destination to another is indicative of at least some level of madness. As Moriarty traveled about, his madness was further shown to be strong and prominent by his disregard for the wellbeing of others. Specifically depicted in the book is Moriarty’s journey to Chicago, during which his outlandish behavior puts others at risk, but he seems not to be concerned about it in the slightest. Yet another piece of evidence that speaks to the level of madness that Moriarty reaches in the book is punctuated by the behavior that he not only sees as nothing out of the ordinary, but also that he recommends to others, and tries to convince them to participate in as something that is acceptable. Specifically, Moriarty at one point makes the suggestion that his protege of sorts, Sal, and his wife join Moriarty in stripping off their clothes and running about in public. What this shows is not only Moriarty’s deteriorated sense of right and wrong, but also his general contempt for the trappings of conventional society, rebellion against that society, and his desire to express his total freedom and ability to do whatever he wishes, whenever he wishes, without any notable consequences for himself or others. Sadly, of course, his actions are creating chaos wherever he goes, even if he is blind to it. Lastly, something needs to be said about Moriarty’s drunken lifestyle, as well as its influence on his behaviors and choices. When he indulges in alcohol binges, his erratic behavior increases, more bad choices are made, and more people are affected for the worse. The women and children that he leaves in his alcoholic wake are forced to pick up the pieces and clean up the messes that Moriarty creates. All the while, he carries on- seemingly oblivious to what he is causing to happen, and dulled by his own vices. Conclusion Just as â€Å"On the Road† profiled an entire generation and reflected the spirit of a nation in transition, so too did Dean Moriarty. Based in part on actual people whom Kerouac knew, this character represented a composite of the quest for happiness and meaning in a chaotic world as well as the paradox of someone who wants to pursue their own enjoyments but too late realizes that total indulgence carries with it a steep price. In conclusion, what is seen in both Moriarty and the story in which he exists is the brilliance, and frailty of the human mind, the search for enlightenment, and the journey along the way- basically, the road that is chosen and what that means for the traveler.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Odysseus- Everett Comparison

The poem â€Å"The Odyssey† details the story of a man named Odysseus who went through many trials and tribulations while trying to get home to his family. In the past, many stories, movies, and other works of literature have based its plot around the story: â€Å"The Odyssey†. However, there is one movie that stands out as unique and its title is â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou†. The producers, Joel and Ethan Coen, did a wonderful job in making actor Ulysses Everett McGill represent Odysseus.Everett from â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou† and Odysseus from Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey† are very similar in many ways, but contrast in multiple qualities and characteristics as well. In â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou†, the main character, Everett is on a voyage trying to return home to his family. Everett tries to escape Parchman Farm after he hears that his wife was about to remarry a suitor named Vernon T. Waldrip in two days. He tricks his â⠂¬Å"Chain Gang† into believing that they were going after treasure; clearly demonstrating the love, loyalty, and courage that he has for his wife.As a result of this event, he caused the authorities to go on a Louisiana wide man hunt for Everett while creating a new relationship between himself and two other members of the â€Å"Chain Gang†. Like Everett, Odysseus â€Å"has been wandering for ten years on the sea, to find his family;† however, little did he know his absence allowed suitors to besiege his wife with proposals. For this reason, Odysseus laid siege on the suitors on his island. In this example, the situation that Everett and Odysseus were in is very similar.They both have to make a long journey to get back to their families and return to their original life style. Through the actions that Everett performs, one can see the similarities between himself and Odysseus. In â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou? †, Everett bombards a Ku Klux Klan meeting to save his friend Tommy from being lynched due to his skin color showing Everett’s willingness to sacrifice his own life, as well as Pete’s and Delmar’s, to save Tommy’s. In addition, they end up incinerating some of the Klansmen (including Bid Dan) with a large burning cross by snipping the wires that supported it.In â€Å"The Odyssey† Odysseus is in a similar situation like Everett but the person he is trying to save is his wife, Penelope by â€Å"[drawing] his fist [in the shape of] the cruel head of an arrow†¦ Odysseus hit him under the chin†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which shows the courage that Odysseus had to shoot the arrow that saved his wife (xxii 7-14). Analyzing the two examples, one can see that Odysseus and Everett were willing to perform courageous acts to protect the people whom they love.Even though there are many similarities between Everett and Odysseus, there is a major difference between the two; their view on faith. In â€Å"O Brothe r Where Art Thou† Tommy informs the â€Å"Chain Gang† that he sold his soul to the devil to learn how to play guitar better. Further, Everett tells Tommy that Pete and Delmar had just been baptized and he’s the only one who is unaffiliated with any type of religious figure. This shows that Everett believes in no religion, no God, and no miracles.In contrast to Everett, Odysseus believes in the Gods by saying â€Å"Now watch me hit a target that no man has hit before, if I can make this shot. Help me Apollo† showing his strong belief that he had, had in the God Apollo (xxii 4-6). For this reason Apollo granted him a straight shot on the suitor. In any case, their faith sets the two men apart from one another. In many ways the two men’s bravery brought them to victory and also proves the similarities between the two; however, certain beliefs such as religion causes the men to differ.Everett is a good representation of Odysseus, but there are fatal fla ws between the two which cause them to be starkly different. Whether or not, one analyzes the similarities which show common strengths, or the conflict of differing religions, which make each man respectively stronger, one can analyze that all men are created different. No one man is the same as his neighbor and that makes the world to accept all races, genders, and ideology.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Bal-A-Vis-X Program

Many of today's struggling students are falling through the cracks of our education system and are at risk of dropping out of school. The increased expectations of today's high standards force special education teachers to frequently seek effective research-based interventions to help these students to become successful. Bal-A-Vis-X is just one of such programs. The program founder claims the brain integration – movement-based learning program will increase a student's reading fluency, and comprehension by participating in the multi-level crossing of the midline exercises emphasizing on flow with rhythm. The basis of this research project is to validate the claim by incorporating the Bal-A-Vis-X program with students at Moore School in fourth, fifth and six-grade physical education class. Bal-A-Vis-X was developed by a teacher in Wichita, Kansas named Bill Hubert. Bill Hubert uses cognitive exercises which encompass the integration of balance, auditory, and vision exercises using racquetballs, balance boards, hand-sized sandbags and various complexity of rhythmic exercises. The exercises focus on rhythm, patterning, balance and visual teaming. The combination of 300 various exercises increase in complexity as the student masters the fundamental skills. The exercises can be reduced to accommodate the student with varying disabilities. The program is designed to help individuals who struggle with academics, post-traumatic stress, physical and social impairments. (Hubert, 2007)Bill Hubert suggest the lack of flow within a person can trigger the stressful occurrences which may cause the cognitive debilitation of an individual. (Hubert,2007). He further explains what he believes are the series of physical and developmental movement which occur and how this movement contributes to the cognitive aspects of the individual to perform a required task. The principals of the program are to introduce midline crossings in three dimensions which are designed to follow steady rhythm using the whole mind-body system creating the flow with in the student aligning the mind with the body. The idea is to listen to the rhythm of the sound of the balls bouncing or the sandbags being passed while simultaneously integrating patterned movement involving the whole body.The stress of academic performance can cause struggling students to display undesirable behaviors. When students struggle in school many behavior issues to avoid the task or to gain something to help them manage the task. This behavior coping mechanism is what inspired my research into the BAL-A-VIS-X program. Often special education teachers and interventionist are overwhelmed with the diversity of intervention programs offered to increase academic performance in students with learning disabilities and are struggling academically, developmentally, emotionally and socially. This program interests me as it was originally introduced to me by the adaptive physical education teacher form Central Montana Learning Resource Center. She explained the concept of the program. From there my research developed. I researched the resources I needed in order to purchase the products needed to implement the program with my students. Once I organized the pricing of the product, my next step was to request the funding from my superintendent. She was very interested in the program herself and has supported me in my quest. I obtained permission to teach the program to the select group in their weekly physical education class. This offered me the two fifteen-minute time slots to work with the students weekly for eighteen weeks. Our Learning Co-Op Center ‘s Adaptive Physical Education teacher shared she attended a training with a Resource teacher from Round Up Montana which was practicing using Bal-A-Vis-X with her students. She was fortunate enough to attend a training of the program from Bill Hubert, the founder of the program itself. I proceeded forward by inviting her to come observe, to give me some additional ideas and skills to help me implement the program effectively. She explained to teach Bal-A-Vis-X it is optimal to teach one on one over a group setting. However, under my time restraints, she shared it would be alright to continue with my research as a group setting. The stress of academic performance can cause struggling students to display undesirable behaviors. When students struggle in school many behavioral issues are to avoid the task or to gain something to help them manage the task. This behavior coping mechanism is what inspired my research into the BAL-A-VIS-X program. Currently, my professional peers use Brain Gym, Go Noodle or some form of conglomerating a self-designed movement curriculum in their classroom management techniques to diminish undesirable behaviors without addressing the underlying antecedent and trigger for the student's actions.Often Special Education teachers and interventionist are overwhelmed with the diversity of intervention programs offered to increase academic performance in students with learning disabilities and are struggling cognitively, developmentally, emotionally and socially. Trying to minimize which program is the most effective lies in the opinion of the teacher. In my personal observation in Moore school it is just getting students up and moving is the goal. As a Special Education teacher myself, I rely on resources presented at professional development conventions, multiple online resources, and peer networking opportunities to share what is working with which types of students with disabilities. Disabilities are as diverse as the resources and interventions offered to increase performance in students with deficits. Originally, this program was introduced to me by the adaptive physical education teacher form Central Montana Learning Resource Center. It piqued my interest as she explained the concept of the program. From there, my research developed. My main focus was not the scientific theory of the program, as in how and why the brain is functioning and operating through the implementation of the program, but my interest lies in merely, is it a highly effective intervention compared to similar kinesthetic based interventions. Basically, why would I use this particular intervention program compared to other similar programs available?The go to for interventions for Special Education teachers is the website What Works Clearinghouse. The information presented on this website shares.As the program was developing with the students I did not truly notice any improvements in flow or coordination until the thirteenth week. As my research is to collect data for reading fluency and comprehension, it was just an observation of mine in this area of balance and coordination.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Microsoft BSA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microsoft BSA - Assignment Example Moreover, most of the information leakage is due to the same reason, as a common hacker can attack to the vulnerability of weak password and break into your information (Green & Richard, 2011). The option of adopting the strong password policy set restricts the users to develop strong local account passwords. Therefore, after setting the strong password policy the user cannot develop simple, easy to crack, blank and / or the password that is the same as the username to avoid hacking and information leakage vulnerability (Green & Richard, 2011). The Malware attacks the digital information in multiple ways. The Malware gets downloaded with the product being downloaded and starts working slowly with the passage of time. Some of the Malware irritates by displaying diverse pop-ups, as the malicious pop-up program runs secretly in the downloaded product (SpamLaws, n.d). There are many types of Malware that include but not limited to the Adware, Bot, Bug, Ransomware, Rootkit, Spyware, Trojan Horse, Virus and Worm (Lord, 2011). There are several software applications that could be utilized in the computers to prevent the Malware including anti-virus and anti-adware. The Conficker is a computer worm that has ability to infect a computer and widen itself automatically (without human interaction) to the other computer over the computer network. The Conficker worm attacks the computer network services through the internet on diverse Microsoft’s operating systems including Windows 2000, XP and Windows Server 2008 etc. The Microsoft launches out-of-band patch in 2008 to avoid the Conficker attacks (Microsoft, 2013). The organizations could use the MBSA to detect the missing patches by utilizing the security information automatically received through the application of Conficker programs in the computer systems. Moreover, the Windows operating systems have ability to

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

A Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Report - Essay Example The eight chain model precisely exemplifies the supportive nature of system distortion at the same time calling for only two material constraints, an original modulus and restrictive chain extensibility. Due to the fact that these two constraints are mechanistically connected to the physical science of molecular network placement concerned with the distortion of rubber, the suggested model characterizes an unassuming and precise constitutive model of rubber distortion. The document also suggests that the network extension in this system model decreases to a figure that is the mean square root of the primary functional stretches due to efficiently sampling eight placements of primary stretch space. The outcomes of the suggested eight chain model and also those of a number of the noticeable models are likened to investigational data of Treloar exemplifying the dominance, straightforwardness and prognostic capability of the suggested model. Furthermore, a fresh set of tests and trials which bring out the state of distortion reliance of rubber is outlined and done on three materials made of rubber. This eight chain model is set up to model and forecast precisely the performance of the three tested rubber materials additionally approving its dominance and usefulness over previous reproductions. Ellen M. Arruda, Mary C. Boyce. A three-dimensional constitutive model for the large stretch behavior of rubber elastic materials. The Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.August 2002.

Monday, August 26, 2019

South Korea Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

South Korea Market - Assignment Example Through planning, direct or indirect ownership and control of enterprises and financial institutions, regulation of foreign exchange, and implementation of appropriate monetary and fiscal policies, the Government played a crucial role in making market adjustments and maximizing incentives. This was aimed at pursuing the fulfillment of its desired economic, social, political, and cultural objectives. However, economic success, the increase in complexity of the economy, the emergence of a more democratic and pluralistic society, and increasing international competitiveness were crucial factors in bringing about a decline in governments’ role in the South Korean economy. The reformist thrust of government economic policy, realized in the 1980s, was underlined by the renowned emphasis on the need for greater efficiency in the economy. In addition, it improved labor productivity and enhanced competitiveness in order to meet the demands of globalization. The admission of South Korea , in December 1996, to membership of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was another watershed, which heightened the importance of economic reform, which is a step away from negativity – the Asian financial crisis, which highlighted long-standing structural weaknesses in the South Korean economy (Paik 69). Demographic Information of South Korea South Korea is, in fact, regarded as one of the world’s most densely populated countries, with 440 people per square kilometer. However, most people are concentrated in the major cities (Lie 16). The principal cities in South Korea include Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Ulsan, and Incheon. In these four cities, the population density is about two-thirds of the whole population of South Korea (Caselli 129). The country’s capital city is Seoul. It covers about 12% of the total country’s area. Like the other cities, it is home to approximately 45% of the country’s population; as such, the 3r d largest and populated urban center in the world. Current statistics show that more than 50% of the immigrants are moving to the capital city. Indeed, it has been speculated that about 55% of the national population will be living in the capital city. South Korea is officially recognized as the Republic of Korea with an area of 99,268 km2. According to information published by the World Bank, the total population is 48.747 million by 2009. Figure I. Republic of South Korea (Source: U.S. Department par. 1) The official language in the region is Korean, and it is closely related to Mongolian and Japanese. Although there is a clear difference in grammar with the Chinese language, a large number of the Chinese cognates still exist in the Korean language. Modern Korean articulates to hangul—a phonetic writing system—in their writings. The country borders North Korea on its Northern part. The country is also surrounded by a mass of water encompassing the Sea of Japan and th e Yellow Sea. It is separated from Japan by the Sea of Japan (Paik 77). Korea’s ethnical group has been regarded as the most linguistically homogenous in the whole world. The region is occupied by Koreans, however, about 20,000 people of Chinese descendants occupy some parts of the country. Indeed, all Koreans have a common linguistic and cultural heritage. The South Korean political system is based on the Republican form of governance. The President is the Head of State, and the Prime Minister acts as the Head of Government. The power is shared between the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Currently, the South Korean president is Lee Myung-bak, while the Prime Minister is Han Seung-soo.

Transition in Adolescent Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transition in Adolescent Development - Essay Example Many researchers have undoubtedly identified the decisive role of parents in moulding the character of their children during this transitional period. When a child is moving from primary to secondary, this is quite sure that he/she is subjected to various kinds of transitions that may affect him/her all through the life time. Therefore, regarding the parents and the teachers, they should be very vigilant and attentive in observing the transitions occurring to the children, and as such, the study of transition in adolescent development and schooling deserves greater significance. In order to examine adolescence in media, the paper seeks to gather material from Karen Thomas’ online article entitled: 12-14 Year-Olds: Transition in Adolescent Development & Schooling, published on Dec 1, 2010. The article selected for the study clearly evaluates certain aspects concerning the parental role in assuring healthy lifestyles to children. When analysing the article selected for the study , one can see that the writer was actually focusing on the transitions of the children aged in between 12-14; kids moving from primary to secondary school. Though the article was actually aimed at parents of this age group, anyone would get valuable details regarding this topic. The author has arranged this topic under various headings to help support his study.

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Methods of tempering by water Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Methods of tempering by water - Coursework Example The revenue from the exports is then reinvested towards purchasing food stuff and machinery in order to sustain the rapidly growing economy of Qatar (Mclachlan, 2010). The current high oil prices are responsible for making sure that Qatar has a favorable balance of payment. It should however be noted that, the country’s dependence is not sustainable and its oil reserves are expected to be completely used up by the year 2023. This has led to the government of Qatar shifting its focus towards the development of the natural gas industry. The government has embarked on a plan to increase its production of liquid natural gas that has been attributed as being the major driving force in Qatar’s rapid growth levels in recent years. There are ongoing plans to expand the production of (LNG) exponentially, which according to estimates, will make the country the biggest exporter of LNG in the world. In 2010, Qatar’s major partner in import trade was the US and it accounted for 11.8% of all imports of Qatar marking a shift from Japan, which had been the main trade partner in exports and imports with Qatar. The country’s foreign trade has grown rapidly in recent years because of developments in the oil, gas industries and related infrastructure undertakings. In 2009 for example, the rate balance for goods rose from $ 25,555million in 2009 to $ 53,863million in 2010 which was an increase of 110.8%.I n 2010, the exports of goods including ere exports was estimated to be $95,736 million which was 75% of the overall nominal GDP. The total imports into Qatar between 2006 and 2010 increased by 41.4 % due to the improvement in, economic activities coupled with Qatar’s hydrocarbon increase in production and extension. A significant portion of the imported items included metal and machinery that are necessary for the development of the hydrocarbon industry of Qatar. Additionally, there were increases in expenditure on non-oil materials for

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Presentation - Essay Example The event was organized well ahead the usual time but the project committee managed to put every detail into place. All the forty stalls were occupied by stallholders translating to a 100 percent success rate. With the stalls operating at full potential; this year’s event recorded the highest attendance ever. The numbers of customers visiting the stalls were unbelievable. The attendance of course translated to record financial returns. There were obvious benefits that were achieved by the closing of the project apart from the financial gains, the profile of the club was raised amongst circles within the university, the event provided much needed fun for the university students and staff, and finally the club established good links with food business owners in the university. From the evaluation of the project, there are a few lessons that the club officials deduced. There is always need for products to have descriptions, a strong project manager is a basic necessity to a successful project, risk assessment is a very important stage at the start of the project, having risk contingency plans is essential in dealing with prospective risks during the project and finally, the identification of benefits at the beginning of the projects should be considered at the end of the

Friday, August 23, 2019

Analyse a company and introduce a new product Essay

Analyse a company and introduce a new product - Essay Example The external environmental factors or the macro factors include uncontrollable factors such as the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors (Porter, 2008, p.221). Ford should pay close attention to these factors while formulating business in domestic as well as foreign countries. The company is likely to adopt focused target marketing strategy by targeting the 21-50 age group people having middle to income living in the urban cities. Introduction A marketing plan is a significant part of an overall business plan. A well structured marketing strategy is the base of a well-written marketing plan (Westwood, 2002, p.3). A marketing plan includes a list of several actions. Without a sound strategic establishment marketing plan is ineffective. A good marketing plan is important in business as it helps to control the overall business and helps the business to steer towards profit. The purpose of a marketing plan is to set the direction for a business in or der to promote it. Moreover, a well-written marketing plan helps to build a customer base and determine opportunities in order to make profit (Csb, 2011, p.63). Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn. The organization was founded in the year 1903. The organization used to sell commercial vehicles and automobiles under the brand name of Ford and luxury cars under the brand name Lincoln. Employee strength of this organization is more than 164,000. The aim and objective of Ford motor company is to sell automobiles and make the customers satisfied. Moreover, they tend to make profit for all the stakeholders. Therefore, they can provide jobs for thousands of workers. Qualified and standard young and middle aged people are the significant eligible customers of Ford motor company. It is world’s third largest automobile company operating in US, Europe and the countries of Asia Pacific. Mission Statement Mission statement of a company conta ins the aims and value of an organization. The mission statement of Ford Motor Company is that the organization is a global and diverse family with a pompous heritage. The organization has passionately committed to offering outstanding goods and services (Ford, 2013, p.1). Financial Statement A financial statement is a recognized record of financial activities of a business. For an organization or business enterprise, all the appropriate financial information is used to present in a structured formulation in order to make people easily understand are called as financial statement (Palepu, 2007, p.6). A financial statement offers different kind of financial information to the investors and creditors. It helps them to evaluate the financial stability and performance of an organization. Ford Motor Company has reported a pre-tax profit of 1.7 billion US dollar in 2012. In 2012 the sales of Ford Motor Company went up by 7% comparing to the year 2011. Total 1.14 million vehicles have been sold. The US sales number in 2012 was 2,250,165 (Finance, 2013, p.1). The Financial Statement for Ford Motor Company in the year 2012 has been highlighted below. Income Statement (Finance, 2013,

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Food and beverage Management Essay Example for Free

Food and beverage Management Essay I have read and understood the London School of Business and Finance Regulations and Policies relating to academic misconduct. I declare that: This submission is entirely my own original piece of work. It has not been submitted for a previous assessment in LSBF or any other institution. Wherever published, unpublished, printed, electronic or other information sources have been used as a contribution or component of this work, these are explicitly, clearly and individually acknowledged by appropriate use of quotation marks, citations, references and statements in the text. I understand that penalties will be incurred for late submission of work. STUDENT SIGNATURE: Ahonou Rosalie DATE: 21/09/2014 NOTE – Please complete the details below Have you submitted any Reasonable Adjustment Requests? Yes / No Date of submission: TASK 1 Understand different food and beverage production and service systems LO1. 1. 1 The characteristics of food production and food and beverage service systems INTRODUCTION Food production and food and beverage service systems is about an area where menu is planned, raw materials are purchased and received. It is also about Food service where Food and beverage are provided to the guests included a wide range of styles and cuisine types, all alcoholic and non- 1 / 3 alcoholic drinks. To make a successful Food and Beverage Service, you need to develop well interpersonal skills, product knowledge skills to buy raw material. Food and Beverage Production I am going to explain some methods: Traditional Partie Method: the majority of food is buying condiments or raw. It is easy to provide the receipt and store goods, the preparation, cooking, holding and service of food and there are dishwashing facilities as well. That method is good for the staff because the staff can move quickly from their place to the service counter (the distance is short). The communication link-up is necessary for the department and food flow is systematic. There is easy access to raw food materials from storage areas. Centralised Production Method: centralised production methods explain how the separation of the production and service components of the food flow system work or operate by place or time or both. So food that is centrally produced is distributed to the point of the point of service in batches or pre-portioned. It could be transported in a ready-to-eat box or in a ready-to-serve state, for example hot or frozen food. I give some advantages of centralised production methods â€Å"the introduction of a storage stage between production and service allows the production unit to work to maximum efficiency and with a better utilisation of staff and equipment† and â€Å"energy consumption can be reduced by careful scheduling and by a continuous run of single products†. Here is a disadvantage of centralised production method â€Å"hygiene problems or food contamination could have big repercussions than a problem in an individual kitchen. Cook-Freeze Production Methods: the word cook-freeze involves a catering system which is based on the whole cooking of food and followed by quick freezing. That food is stored in a controlled low temperature of -18 degree Celsius or less then is followed by subsequent complete reheating close to the consumer, prior to prompt consumption. The process involves raw food, food storage, pre- preparation, cooking, portioning, blast freezing, cold storage, distribution, regeneration. Cook-Chill Production Methods: it is the same process with Cook-Freeze production. The only different are that the cooking of food is stored in a controlled low temperature, but just above freezing point and then between 0 degree Celsius to +3 degree Celsius. Therefore it has a short shelf life compared to cook-freeze of up to five days including the day of production, distribution time and regeneration. The process involves raw food, cooking, portioning, blast chilling, chill storage, distribution, regeneration. The benefits of Cook-Chill and Cook-Freeze to the employers: there will have a portion control and a reduced waste, the production will be adjusted, the staff time will be fully utilised, no more weekend work and overtime. To the customers: the variety and selection of food will increased, the standards will be maintained with a quality improvement and the services can be maintained at all times even no staff. Sous vide methods: the sous vide system involves the preparation of quality raw foods, pre-cooking when necessary. You put or placed the raw foods into special plastic bags and you vacuum the air from the special plastic bags and then you seal properly the bags. After sealing you steam cooking to pasteurisation temperatures. From then the food product can be served direct to the customers at this stage or can be chilled quickly to +1 degree Celsius to +3 degree Celsius and stored between 0 degree Celsius to +3 degree Celsius for a maximum of twenty-one days. That method increases the potential shelf-life of normal coo-chill in three ways: when you remove the air from the plastic bags the growth of bacteria is restricted. Because the food is cooked at pasteurisation temperatures that helps the destruction of most microorganisms and finally because the food has been sealed within the bags is protected during storage any regeneration from any contamination. Different services of Food and Beverage systems Table d’hote menus: this type of menu contains the popular type dishes and is easier to control because the price has already been fixed for whatever the customer chooses, that setting depend on the main dish chosen. The characteristics of a table d’hote menu are being a restricted menu, offering a small number of courses (three or four), limited choice within each course, fixed selling 2 / 3 price and all the dishes are being ready at a set time. A la carte menus: a la carte menu is a larger menu than a table d’hote menu and offer a variety choice. The menus are listing under the course headings and then the establishment could prepare all the dishes. Those dishes will be prepared to order and each dish will also be priced separately. A la carte menu is more expensive than a table d’hote menu because it contains often the exotic and high cost seasonal foods. Table service: the customer enters in the restaurant and takes seat, he/her makes the order from the menu and the Staff brings it to him/her. After finish dinning the staff clears the table. Sectors where there are food service industry: Bistro, Brasserie, Coffee Shop, First Class Restaurants, Cafeteria, Fast-food outlets and Licensed Bars. For all those sectors, the main aim is to achieve customer satisfaction, for that everything you do should meet the customers’ needs physiologically, economically, socially, psychologically and convenience. The Staff should have knowledge or experience in Food and Beverage service. The restaurant should have service methods and necessary staff skills. They should have a higher level of cleanliness and hygiene; have an idea of value for money or price and also the atmosphere. The staff should know how to make the preparation for service (Mis-en-place), take customer food and beverage order, clean for hygiene, and make the bill. They should control the atmosphere in order to satisfy customers’ needs. 1. 2 The factors that affect recipes and menus for specific systems The restaurant should establish a clear list of menu to inform customers what is available to them. The Staff provides a general presentation of the menu on the course headings that should be attractive, clean, and easy to read for language, price, sales mix with accuracy, show the size and form, layout of the menu, nutritional content, health and eating, and special diets (inform people who are allergic, diabetic, have low cholesterol and low sodium). Also the cultural and religious dietary influences can affect recipes and menus as well. Example Hindus, Jews, Muslims, Sikhs, Roman Catholics, Vegetarians. 1. 3 Comparison of the coast and the staffing implications POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Introduction to Apologetics Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Apologetics Essay Introduction This is a critique of L. Russ Bush’s The Advancement. In order to properly ascertain the individual components as well as the overall success of Bush’s work, this article deploys the use of a general summary, followed by a section of critical interaction, and finally a conclusion. In the end, elements of Bush’s argument prove invaluable, while others miss their target. Summary Chapter 1 begins with an historical review of the modern worldview formation. This includes first the secular worldview, inspired by the focus on freedom inherent in the Enlightenment. Bush then begins to explore the details of  the Christian alternative. This discussion reaches a climax as he notes the contrast of the new and old worldviews. â€Å"In the earlier view there is a natural stability in both history and in nature. Progress or decline are products of a person’s relationship or lack of relationship to God, and neither is inevitable historically (15).† Ultimately Bush concludes, â€Å"The older worldview is not true (just) because it’s old, and it too may be in need of refinement in light of better understandings of the Bible, but authentic Christianity is the best antidote for a culture that is dying from the venom of the Advancement (17).† See more: how to write an introduction Chapter 2 begins to unveil the components of the overall worldview, that which Bush calls The Advancement. Here, again, Bush delves deeper into the historical relationships ¬Ã‚ ¬ among science, secularism, and Christianity. He addresses the historic belief, â€Å"God operates outside of the cause-and-effect pattern discernable in the Universe (20)†. Bush notes that while cause-and-effect reasoning was originally limited to certain areas of study, modernity and postmodernity have witnessed cause-and-effect spreading into countless fields (21). In addition, Bush explores the origins of modern materialism, uniformitarian thought, and evolution. From here he displays the historic influence of these philosophies on modern ethics. The most critical issue of ethics is the loss of humanness at the hands of the animal origins suggested in evolutionary theory. â€Å"Humans are no longer human. They are simply naked apes (35).† Chapter 3 explores The Advancement and Theory of Knowledge. The core of this address deals with the epistemological battle between conflicting philosophies of objective and subjective truth. Bush notes that naturalism demands that the human mind is merely an effect of the system that created it. Therefore, he believes that this, in turn, places scientific study, amongst other things, at the mercy of subjective relativism (40). Bush compares this to multiple epistemological views based on a theistic foundation. After several theories, he ultimately concludes that naturalism has reclassified biblical ideas as culturally, rather than divinely, inspired (52). The collective result of secular modernism is a â€Å"loss of political freedom† and â€Å"moral accountability† (50). Chapter 4 explores Modern Theistic Alternatives. Bush points to various groups of non-biblical philosophies such as process theology and open theology, which recognize the potentiality, and even perhaps the need for God. However, he concludes that these beliefs are incomplete at best and through these beliefs, â€Å"Ultimately, God is naturalized, and the modern worldview prevails (64). â€Å" The following two chapters investigate naturalistic evolution. Bush spends Chapters 5 and 6 addressing the seven assumptions of evolutionary biology (65-72), ten axioms of modern scientific thought (72-76), and four basic beliefs of modern thinkers (77-78). He follows this groundwork with five simple objections to naturalistic evolution (80-83). Critical Interaction Overall, Bush’s outline follows a semi-logical progression. However, in spite of the overall congruency, certain elements are lacking the necessary ingredients for a successful dissertation. Ultimately, Bush’s massive undertaking becomes his downfall. The very concept of the Advancement is a hodgepodge of component worldviews. In his attempt to attack this umbrella concept, Bush ends up falling victim to the same weakness as postmodernism. Ambiguity and muddled worldviews become self-contradictory. The book gives the impression of a single soldier fighting a multitude of swarming enemies. In his worthy attempt at defeating the collective Advancement, Bush ends up using the wrong ammunition on the wrong enemy. This happens in two ways. First, though he has the foresight to break down the overall concept into its respective components, he often reverts back to addressing the overall mentality, which does not technically exist on a broad scale. The postmodern beast is like a series of viruses that morph in their formation from host to host. The only way to attack it is piece by piece. The combination of postmodern beliefs never takes the same form from person to person. Therefore, addressing it as a collective whole ultimately fails.  Second, he frequently attributes relativist beliefs to naturalism and vice versa. Bush’s, lack of clarity is pervasive throughout the book. He bounces back and forth between this multitude of worldviews and theories, often with little description of how he intends to relate them one to another. Bush tends to make broad, sweeping statements that render worldview differentiation difficult to assess. â€Å"To the modern mind†¦ progress is inevitable (15).† In context, It is difficult to discern whether Bush is referencing secular minds, Christian minds, or the all-inclusive popular opinion of modernity, irrespective of religious foundation. As Bush acknowledges, chronological limits are not always clear and ideas surface gradually (7). Phrases such as â€Å"modern mind† become increasingly ambiguous in the midst of paragraphs and subsections, which themselves are bouncing between religion, secularism, time periods, and keystone philosophies that transcend designated periods or belief structures. The end result is a dizzying series of statements that present more frustration and confusion than clarity and conclusion. Specific statements that lack citation further confound Bush’s message. In Chapter Two, he claims that there are three ideas that make up the longstanding alternative worldview of Christianity: â€Å"stability in nature, spiritual warfare, and historical change initiated by divine intervention (9).† Bush gives no indication about where he has derived these three ideas. He does this multiple times throughout the book. Chapters 5 and 6, as mentioned in the summary, are made up of lists of apparent assumptions, axioms, and beliefs that represent the foundations of multiple worldviews. However, again, Bush neglects to cite his reasoning for calling upon these specific elements of each worldview. This may leave readers questioning the authenticity of the claims, and if it doesn’t, perhaps it should. These lists are especially important to the overall purpose of the book as they represent the summation of alternative worldviews, which Bush is seeking to critique. Witho ut clarification of source and accuracy, readers should be cautious in adopting his overall strategy, though individual responses still have value. In addition to issues of clarity and viability, Bush has a tendency to evaluate secular worldviews from the subjectivity of a Christian understanding. This is most evident in his repeated portrayal of naturalism as ethically unviable. While this may certainly be true, and while it may provide a valuable argument in some light, Bush confuses the need for morality with the need for truth. His response to the loss of humanness associated with natural evolution is, â€Å"It is not an optimistic picture (78).† While this is certainly a viable proclamation, it ultimately does little to answer the question of truthfulness. Morality is contingent upon truth and not the other way around. â€Å"The truth of moral and logical principles does not correspond to reality in the same way as do statements about observable empirical facts.† Assuming that God’s truth is correct, then a lack of morality is a viable argument. However, the argument relies upon the presupposition that God’s truth is, in fact, correct. Bush continually fails to fully consider the worldview he addresses. One example of this is found in his discussion of â€Å"Why Modern Thought Fails†(59-61). Again, he seems to confuse the ultimate reality of objective truth, with the anthropomorphic limitations of subjective truth. â€Å"Truth, as it has been traditionally defined, does not exist necessarily in this modern scientific worldview. There is only momentary correctness, warranted assertions, and majority opinions (60).† This is not an accurate assessment. Bush is simply acknowledging that human subjectivity and limitation keeps humanity from discovering ultimate truth. That does not mean that this truth does not exist. The true divergence in the two worldviews lies where the ultimate truth is found. For science, ultimate truth is in natural law. That does not change based on our momentary correctness, assertions, or opinions. Likewise, biblically speaking, humanity operates similarly, but God is the ultimate source of truth rather than natural law. Human subjectivity exists in both models, and this momentary understanding may be accurate or inaccurate. However, the point is simply that human subjectivity fails to influence ultimate truth in either model. Bush misses this in his conclusion, â€Å"The relativism of modern thought is†¦ self-defeating (80).† This is simply not true. Relativism only acknowledges the finite nature of human understanding. Conclusion Like an under trained spy in the enemy’s camp, Bush’s Christian worldview and reliance upon morality remains overly influential in his assault on the mixed set of hypotheses that make up The Advancement. His inability to remain focused on a single worldview sucks the reader into a tornadic war against a constantly shifting, ever-growing enemy. In the end Bush may succeed in refuting the validity of the umbrella view of The Advancement, on the basis of self-refutation, but fails to win the individual battles that truly matter. Bibliography Bush, L. Russ. The Advancement. Nashville: Broadman Holman, 2003. Groothuis, Douglas. Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Faith. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2011.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Social Work Roles And Criminal Justice Settings Social Work Essay

Social Work Roles And Criminal Justice Settings Social Work Essay There are many competing pressures to direct the service in ways that may not be consistent with Social Work principles towards greater penal and correctional models. It is therefore essential to have a clear understanding of the policy and legal framework that creates the remit and legitimacy for the operation of Social Work in the Criminal Justice process (Whyte, 2001, p.7). Statute law is created by Acts of the UK and Scottish Parliaments and relies upon rulings made in Court Hearings to set precedents that define and interpret key terms i.e. Case Law. Understanding the law is fundamental to practice in Criminal Justice settings. Criminal Law is a powerful instrument of social control and sanctions and the Criminal Courts have the potential to impose restrictions of liberty of individuals. Social Workers have a responsibility towards the general public and the courts to protect the public and ensure their wellbeing however, there is also obligation towards those who are in the Criminal Justice process who may be vulnerable and in need of services provided by Social Work. It is therefore essential that all workers have an understanding of the legal frameworks that govern Criminal Justice Social Work and are aware of the scope and limitations of their mandate (Whyte, 2001). However, law is subject to change and criminal justice policy is more liable to su dden, politically motivated changes of direction than is social policy in other fields (Smith, 2002, p.309) The law defines what a crime is, rules of evidence and criminal procedure. However, discretion is given to those involved and therefore, the criminal justice process is not systematic. The judiciary, police and social work have differing roles, agendas, values and beliefs which are shaped by training and cultures which can make working within the system difficult due to lack of shared understanding of common aims and individual roles. Social Work involves working with the marginalised and disadvantaged and can be both vulnerable to crime and susceptible to criminalisation and practice involves work with victims or offenders. Local Authorities have statutory responsibility to provide Criminal Justice Social Work Services to support the Criminal Justice Process through assessment of individuals, information to the Courts and supervision of offenders. Scotland differs from the rest of the UK in that there is a unique cultural and political heritage and a separate legal system. Social Work therefore, has a central role within the Criminal Justice process in Scotland which is in contrast to England and Wales where probation work is commissioned by the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) which is separate from Local Authority control and Social Work functions and shows a difference in their approaches in responding to crime. As McAra (2005) suggests a more welfare orientated approach has been adopted due to its legal culture and political history. The legal framework outlining powers and duties of Criminal Justice Social Work is the Social Work Scotland Act 1968 (as amended). Section 27 of this Act outlines the duty by Local Authorities to provide specific Criminal Justice services (e.g. social background reports, supervision of offenders on an Order or Licence) in respect of central government funding however, it does not explain the objectives of these services or provide guidance on their exercise. Section 12 gives Local Authorities (LAs) discretion to provide additional services (e.g. victims) as part of the general responsibility to promote social welfare. Probation or offender services became the responsibility of the Local Authority Social Work Departments in 1968 and had a general duty to promote social welfare in their locality (S12, Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968). This was due to the Kilbrandon Committee (Kilbrandon, 1964) being appointed to investigate increasing juvenile crime. The Kilbrandon Report recommended a new approach to childrens services based on the needs of children and families and those who offend should be treated the same as those children requiring care and protection. Kilbrandon also suggested diversion and early voluntary intervention as crime prevention and one department for children and adults. This merge of work with adult offenders was pivotal in recognising work with offenders as having a welfare component admittedly with a level of control. Although the Kilbrandon philosophy followed trends of the time which advocated rehabilitation and treatment of offenders and an awareness of the social causes of c rime, this is still highly relevant to todays practice. From the 1980s onwards Criminal Justice in Scotland has undergone major legislative and policy change due to successive governments. As there was concern for public protection and community disposal effectiveness in 1991, 100 per cent central government funding was introduced and the National Objectives and Standards were published which set out core objectives, service provision and guidance on their delivery (Social Work Group, 1991). This resulted in the government committing to Social Work delivering this role. This policy arrangement outlined by Rifkind in 1989 has survived changes in political administration although, it has been suggested that devolution has caused a sudden and dramatic politicisation of Criminal Justice issues and could undermine the welfare tradition (McNeill and Batchelor, 2004: Croal, 2005). Social Work with offenders should aim to address and reduce offending behaviour. Whilst the law provides a framework for practice, effective work with offenders requires Social Work skills such as communication, therapeutic relationships in supervision, assessment and risk management. The task is therefore, varied and complex as Social Workers have the power to control the individuals who are referred via the Courts and enforce any Court Orders but must also work with an offender in a holistic, inclusive way to have a positive impact on their offending behaviour and this can be through support and assistance in relation to personal and social problems but also the individual taking responsibility for their actions. Effective and ethical practice is therefore, about considering and managing the needs and rights of the Courts, the general public, victims and offenders. Although Social Workers have statutory duties and powers to interfere in peoples lives this is not always welcome but is necessary in promoting public safety. Under the Scottish Social Work Services Council (SSSC) Code of Practice Social Workers have an obligation to uphold public trust and confidence and the Criminal Justice Authorities (CJAs) are required by Scottish Executive guidance to develop a strategy to address this (Scottish Executive, 2006b). This strategy includes both offenders and their families and Social Workers should engage these individuals and recognise their views in the development of services. Both Criminal Law and Social Work recognise the autonomy of individuals choices on how they lead their lives and with this capacity is criminal responsibility. Those of which who lack capacity (e.g. children and the mentally disordered) are not culpable in the eyes of the law and may be treated differently. It is therefore recognised that criminal behaviour is not just a choice but may be about social circumstances to which they have minimal control. Social Workers should assist in allowing individuals to improve their capacity for making choices together with consequences to their actions (ADSW, 1996a). Although Social Workers are obliged to protect the rights and interests of service users there is a belief amongst the general public that they have forfeited these rights when they have offended. All Criminal Justice agencies must comply with the Human Rights Act 1988 which incorporates into domestic law the fundamental rights set out in the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). Public Authorities are required to respect all of the provisions however, the two articles with particular relevance to Criminal Law and Social Work are the right to liberty and security (Article 5. ECHR) and the right to a fair trial (Article 6, ECHR). However, the state can impose restrictions on those who breach criminal law or are a threat to public safety as long as the detention is authorised by law and there is a balance between the individual, their victims and the general public. The Social Worker must assess this balance through rigorous assessment and analysis of risk. The Social Work role r equires respect to offenders as individuals and ensure that the offenders ability and right to function as a member of society is not impaired to a greater extent than is necessary in the interests of justice (ADSW, 1996a). Criminal Justice Social Work services are delivered in partnership with various statutory and non-statutory agencies and this can present challenges due to conflicting professional values and aims. The Management of Offenders etc. (Scotland) Act 2005 was introduced to improve joint working and co-ordinate the management of offenders especially in the transition from custody to community supervision and places a duty on Criminal Justice Authorities (CJAs) to have an information sharing process in order that relevant information is shared between agencies (s.3 (5)(g)) for improving offender and risk management. However, sensitive personal information must be handled carefully and be under the principles of the Data Protection Act 1988 and local agency protocols. Practitioners within Social Work must ensure that any information sharing decisions are fully explained and understood by the offender even when their consent to disclosure is not required. Organisations who deliver public services have general duties to eliminate unlawful discrimination and promote equality of opportunity on the grounds of race (Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000), sex (Equality Act 2006), and disability (Disability Discrimination Act 2005). Individuals who are involved with Criminal Justice organisations are entitled to the protection of discrimination laws which relate to sex, race, disability, religious beliefs and sexual orientation, with exception to exercising judicial functions or carrying out Court orders. In these circumstances it may be within Article 14 of the ECHR which prevents to the right to liberty and security of the individual or the right to a fair trial being interfered with on a wide range of discriminatory grounds. Criminal Justice is still influenced by prejudicial and discriminatory views. Research has been carried out by both the Social Work and Prisons Inspectorate for Scotland (1998) which highlighted concerns about the treatment of female offenders in the Criminal Justice process. In addition to this, several inquiries in England and Wales in relation to racial discrimination by the police and prison services has subsequently raised public awareness (Macpherson, 1999; Keith, 2006). The Scottish Government has a duty to publish information of discrimination of any unlawful grounds (s.306 (1)(b) Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995) and therefore, all workers need to practice in an anti-discriminatory way. The law outlines the limits of Social Work intervention and knowledge of the law is essential to anti-oppressive practice. The only legitimacy for intervening in the life of the individual within the criminal justice process is the individuals offending behaviour†¦if individuals have social needs which require to be met but are not crime related or crime producing, or if the offence is not sufficiently serious to fall within the criteria of the twin-track approach, services should be offered, as far as possible, through voluntary provision†¦No-one should be drawn into the criminal justice processes in order to receive social work help (Moore and Whyte, 1998, p.24). Rehabilitative intervention is not just about helping; it imposes limitations on the rights of the individual who is subject to the intervention. Risk assessment and offence based practice is an ethical approach. It aims to ensure that the most intensive and potentially most intrusive services are focused on those service users who pose the greatest risk of causing harm to others (ADSW, 2003) and to prevent socially disadvantaged individuals being taken further into criminal justice control which can result in further social exclusion. Criminal Justice Social Workers must take note that the role involves work with disadvantaged social groups. Certain types of crimes and offenders often criminalise the young, deprived, unemployed and undereducated male with an experience of the care system and this is clear from Social Work and prison statistics (Croall, 2005; McAra and McVie, 2005). There is often a complex relationship between social exclusion and offending behaviour and often the Criminal Justice process displays existing injustices within society. It is important that issues in relation to class, age and social context should be recognised together with vulnerability to discrimination. The Social Workers role should be to address issues of social exclusion and empower individuals to lead law abiding lives by addressing their offending behaviour. Social Work can help offenders develop capacity to make informed choices by actively encouraging their participation in the supervision/change process and their engagement with improving their current social situation (McCulloch, 2005; McNeill, 2004). Assisting offenders to focus on their strengths as opposed to their risk and needs can have a positive impact as they learn to recognise the value in their own lives and respecting the value of others. The sentencing stage in the criminal justice process generates the majority of Criminal Justice Social Work through provision of information to the Court in the form of Social Enquiry Reports (SERs) and the administration of community disposals, with the exception of liberty orders (tagging). SERs have no legal basis but there is a statutory duty on criminal justice social work to provide reports to the Court for disposal of a case (s.27(1)(a) SWSA 1968. Reports provide the court with the information and advice they need in deciding on the most appropriate way to deal with offenders. They include information and advice about the feasibility of community based disposals, particularly those involving local authority supervision. In the case of every offender under 21 and any offender facing custody for the first time, the court must obtain information and advice about whether a community based disposal is available and appropriate. In the event of custody, the court requires advice abo ut the possible need for a Supervised Release order or Extended Sentence Supervision on release. (Scottish Executive, 2004d, para. 1.5) The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 sets out when the court can or must obtain an SER. Failure to request a report, where required by law, can result in a sentence being quashed on appeal. The Court is not obliged to follow recommendations or opinions in the SER however, Social workers can have a direct influence on the sentence passed. Preparing SERs demands a high standard of professional practice. It requires skilled interviewing, the ability to collect and assess information from different sources, and the art of writing a report which is dependable, constructive, impartial and brief (Social Work Services Inspectorate (SWSI), 1996, Foreword). The law imposes time limits in compiling reports. The Courts require a report within three weeks (s.201(3) (a) if an offender is remanded in custody and within four weeks if the offender is on bail (s.21(3)(b) of the 1995 Act). This means in practice that there are increased demands on a workers time that places increased pressure in the preparation of SERs especially if there are high numbers of worker absence due to leave or whether the worker knows the offender and their individual circumstances. Whilst conducting interviews the worker must ensure that the offender understands the purpose of the report, the relevance of questions (health, addiction issues, and personal relationships) and the limits to confidentiality of this information. Social workers must balance between an informed recommendation and an awareness of the severity of the offence. The report author should be impartial and not minimise the seriousness of the offence and its impact (NOS, Scottish Executive, 2004d, p ara 5.5) and phrases that imply moral judgements, label or stereotype offenders should not be used (para. 5.1). When compiling an SER workers are required to consider the suitability of disposals in relation to the risk posed by an offender and to target appropriate resources which are most appropriate and successful in addressing offending behaviour. Guidelines for the assessment and management of risk are outlined in the Management and Assessment of Risk in Social Work Services (SWSI, 2000) and there are also additional risk assessment frameworks which specifically relate to serious violent and sex offenders. In Criminal Justice the focus has moved from risk of custody to risk of reoffending and risk of harm. Risk assessment is complex and there has been a shift from concern for the offender and their needs to concern about public safety and the offender being a potential source of risk to others. Although the legislation is not explicit about offending behaviour, National Standards state that SERs should provide information and advice which will help the Court decide the available sentencin g options†¦by assessing the risk of reoffending, and†¦the possible harm to others. This requires an investigation of offending behaviour and of the offenders circumstances, attitudes and motivation to change (Scottish Executive, 2004d, 1.6). Risk is defined by Kemshall (1996) as the probability of a future negative or harmful event and assessment of risk includes: the likliehood of an event occurring, who is likely to be at risk, the nature of the harm which they might be exposed and the impact and consequences of the harmful event. Risk assessment has changed over the years and prior to the introduction of risk assessment tools workers relied on clinical methods or professional judgement which was based on an offenders history. These methods were criticised for being too subjective, inaccurate, open to worker bias and dependent on information given by the offender. In the 1990s workers moved towards objective and empirically based risk assessment tools (actuarial) to support their assessment. Actuarial risk assessment tools rely on static (historical) risk factors together with dynamic (criminogenic) risk factors and to assess the risk of reoffending. The static factors (which cannot change) take into account gender, age at first conviction, number of previous offences and custodial experiences, school progress, previous employment and personal history. The criminogenic factors (focus on current areas) include current employment, personal relationships, peer associates, use of time, substance use, mental health and attitudes and behaviour. All of these factors impact on the risk of reoffending (Bonta, 1996). The most widely used assessment tool, The Level of Service Inventory Revised (LSI-R) devised by Andrews and Bonta (1995) incorporates both static and dynamic factors. However, it does not assess risk of harm and this shows that both actuarial and clinical risk assessments are crucial for an effective and comprehensive risk assessment. Clinical methods combine knowledge of the offenders personality, habits lifestyle and an analysis of the circumstances of the offending behaviour and are therefore, the most appropriate assessme nt tool at identifying those who are likely to cause serious harm. Although more time consuming and require more in-depth analysis of both the offender and the offence risk is assessed on predispositions, motivation towards certain behaviours and triggers that may contribute to harmful behaviour. Actuarial tools are not totally accurate (Kemshall, 1996) and although this is improved upon through use of clinical methods in decision making, professional judgement is also crucial. Social workers must be aware that social disadvantage plays a part and this can contribute to a higher assessment of risk and need and to be cautious about the total reliability of these factors when making recommendations that may affect an offenders liberty. Risk assessment and intervention or supervision should be informed by valid, reliable and ongoing assessment and Social Workers should familiarise themselves with research emerging in this area and the many assessment tools and change programmes available (Levy et.al., 2002). To support change Social Workers have to not just think about what work is done with the offender but how that work is done. Offenders under supervision have very high levels of need. Moreover, although most offenders have many needs in common, there are also significant variations that necessitate the thoughtful tailoring of individual interventions if the effectiveness of practice is to be maximised. In delivering effective practice, the accumulated weight of evidence†¦drives us towards recognition that practice skills in general and relationship skills in particular are at least as critical in reducing re-offending as programme content (McNeill et al., 2005, p.5). This recent review of core skills required for effective Criminal Justice Social Work practice raises challenges in practising ethically and effectively but when applied critically and reflectively this could achieve positive outcomes that are in the interest of the public, victims and offenders. Although the law is crucial in framing Social Work practice in the Criminal Justice process it is equally important that Social Work skills and values are central to effective interventions as the role is both demanding and rewarding. Crime has become increasingly prominent both in the public and political agenda and therefore, Social Work has become more prominent and complex. Social Workers have a professional responsibility towards victims, the Court, community and offenders. To fulfil this role effectively, Social Workers must have a clear, confident understanding of their role, the legislative and policy context and a commitment to increasing and developing knowledge, skills and values required for effective and ethical practice.

Essay --

I am an Armenian, through my veins flows the clear blood of my ancients. We live on a small piece of land called Armenia. My country comes from the ancient times, it is too old and at the same time too young with its independence. I am the inheritor of the Seven, Yerevan, the Aragats, Garni, Ejmiatsin and finally the inheritor of my dear Vanadzor. Vanadzor is a mountain town of unparalleled beauty, realm of forest-covered mountains, of dizzy gorges and bubbling rivers. Vanadzor was greatly damaged during the1988 earthquake. At that time a lot of people came to help us. Though I am eighteen I remember stories about that earthquake told by my parents and grandparents and I also remember the citizens that came to help us. Among them were Garbachov, Eltsin and many other people from all over the world. They were really global citizens. It is unforgettable the deeds done by them. Here we can say that they are respected not only for their personality but as well as their deeds. As we know a citizen is a person who has legal rights in a country. We are all citizens in our countries, but there are citizens whom we can call global. As for me in the range of global citizens the first ones are the people who have the Nobel Prize for peace. I want to mention about a woman called Mother Teresa (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu). I feel a great respect to this woman and also great respect for her deeds as it is unforgettable and will remain in the memories of generations forever. I should say that she had a too difficult life as her father died and left them in poorness. At the age of 18 she left her parental home and went to an Irish community of nuns. After a few months of training Mother Teresa went to India and took her initial vows as a ... ...ove the life of homeless children charges with the energy and hope for achieving my destination. I am still a teenager and have a lot of things to learn. I know that first of all I must be a good citizen for my country as I know that my nation tried to decline the right of its independence from the first moment of our history and our generation is to keep and improve everything we have. I think that a man must live his life so that he could add at least a bit amount of colour and sense to his life and what is more to the lives of others’ in order to keep truth, joy and meaning in every minute of his life. Now I look back and realize that all the volunteering programs where I took part were just a little sheet of paper from the book I must fulfill, but I do hope that one day I would have done something for society and will be glad and a little proud of my past!

Monday, August 19, 2019

The Forgotten Prejudice :: social issues

The Forgotten Prejudice Prejudice is defined surely as the mistreatment of a person or people due to a preconceived bias. In Britain today there is an obsession with not being racist, and to a lesser extent, not being sexist. However rampant homophobia still exists and noone sees fit to criticise. So here we go..... Homophobia; the word itself is a simbol of the difference between the opinions of society on the mistreatment of gay people compared to the mistreatment of women or ethnic minority groups. The word suggests an irrational fear, rather than a crime or prejudice as racism sexism and ageism do. Being gay is a natural thing. Having observed the disgusting prejudices that seem to go hand in hand with homosexuality in our society, i imagine that noone would CHOOSE to be gay. You cannot choose who you fall in love with. When you hit puberty, you find yourself attracted to people. You do not consciously decide to be straight. Therefore i conclude that you do not consciously decide to be gay. Finally, many species of wild animals (including giraffes, monkeys and birds) have displayed homosexual behaviour. Therefore homosexuality does occur in nature.Some people claim that being gay is unnatural. Clearly they are wrong. Many people base their assertions that being gay is wrong or in some way deviant on their religious beliefs. This i find incredable. God makes man in his image, he has a purpose for each of us etc. Why then would he make some people gay if being gay is intolerable to him. If homosexuality is a sin, and God makes some people gay, what kind of mean trick is that? (i know that that is a very simplistic way of saying it). God supposedly loves everyone. Would he want the ostracision of some of his children because of their sexual preferance? Some people claim that there is something 'wrong' with the minds of gay people, in other words suggesting that they are mentally disturbed or abnormal. If this was true, would it be an excuse for their mistreatment? It may be true that the brain of a gay person may be different in some way from the mind of a straight person (i dont know) But the mind of a man is different to that of a woman. As i hope we all see, different does not mean inferior. And wouldnt it be God that is responsible for those differences?

Sunday, August 18, 2019

The Yellow Wallpaper :: essays research papers

It must be about 3 a.m. I am laid up in this hospital with breast cancer writing about my life. I was married to a doctor, God rests his soul, but men in my days were not fun to be with. I had a depression problem and I believe he was more burdensome than the depression itself. There was a time when I just had a baby, I became very depressed, and my husband said it would do me well to get fresh air. I, the woman of the times, wanted to get better and I trusted my husband, and had no other way. So he took me out in the country, and I mostly stayed in this beautiful house that had become my prison with one room in particular. It was there that I realized nobody was listening to me, I had become everyone's burden, and my own burdens were not to be heard of. After all, how could I possibly have any, I was given daily baths and massages, I was not to look after my baby at all. I was feed breakfast, lunch and dinner. I was told not to write; it was most forbidden of it. They believed writing excited a woman too much; such a thing was not to be heard of. In that 1880's time a woman was to tend to her husband and the house hold. The room that I stayed in had the most absurd wallpaper. It was yellow, and it some areas it was faded or torn. I despised the wallpaper, but my dear husband said, "My love if I fix the wall paper then it will be something else I will have to fix. So this is part of your therapy. You must get used to it." After a while it seemed as if the wallpaper began to reach out at me calling my name. It seemed like a woman was trapped inside the walls. I thought to myself, "I must free her." And night I would wake up, and I would see her watching me. At first I was afraid, but now it seems as if we have become one. I watch her crawling around out in the yard from time to time desperately looking for freedom. I wanted so bad to free her, but how could I. I wanted to ask her, but how? Maybe she doesn't want this freedom I believe she so deserves.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

literature review on service industry Essay

Hospitality Industry relates many sources with customer interactions and relationships. In the oligopoly market, numerous businesses have had entered, failed and exit the competition. In this assignment, literature regarding customer service in hospitality will be reviewed to analyze the relationship with customers. Further, it describes how customer perceptions play a great impact on businesses, which then lead to customer satisfaction and to certain extent, customer loyalty. Moreover, we shall review the relationship between product quality and service performance as tools to build customer relationships. Customer Perceived Value and Service Quality According to Blackwell et al (2001), providing value to customers is one of the most crucial marketing strategies in hospitality industry these days. In the competitive market, companies have to offer customers excellent quality of products and services, which create the value itself. Competitors have to be creative and responsive in regards to customer demands and needs in order to compete and sustain themselves in the competition (Dawkins and Reichheld, 1990). It means that a company that provides product and service quality with high creativity and responsiveness to satisfy customers demands would have higher chance to lead the competition in the market. To illustrate this argument, a family visited a restaurant and decided not revisit again because they had to rush their meals. However, a customer visits the same coffee shop every morning before work during rush hours yet always leaves with a smile on the face to start the day. These two illustrations contrast the situation of delivering and perceiving value. The question would be what went wrong in the restaurant? Woodruff and Gardial (1996) mentioned the difference between customers perceived value and service quality. While in the case above, both the scenario happened during busy hours yet there are two different outcomes. The restaurant only provided what is necessary; product and service, which service quality only focused on. Whereas the coffee shop delivered more than service quality, it offers value for customers to perceive through interaction and connection. Why customer perceived value is important? As mentioned before creating and delivering value to customers is an asset for a company to be utilized as a strategy or even competitive advantage. Creating and delivering the right value to the targeted customers is what boost customers’ perception about the company, which leads to customers relationship and trust with the company.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Economics Test Bank Chapter 14

Chapter 14 Firms in Competitive Markets Multiple Choice 1. A FIRM HAS MARKET POWER IF IT CAN |a. |maximize profits. | |b. |minimize costs. | |c. |influence the market price of the good it sells. | |d. |hire as many workers as it needs at the prevailing wage rate. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-0 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Market power MSC:Definitional 2. A book store that has market power can |a. |influence the market price for the books it sells. | |b. |minimize costs more efficiently than its competitors. | |c. |reduce its advertising budget more so than its competitors. | |d. ignore profit-maximizing strategies when setting the price for its books. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:1REF:14-0 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Market power MSC:Applicative 3. The analysis of competitive firms sheds light on the decisions that lie behind the |a. |demand curve. | |b. |supply curve. | |c. |way firms make pricing decisions in the not-for-profit sector of the economy. | |d. |way financial markets set interest rates. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-0 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 4. For any competitive market, the supply curve is closely related to the |a. preferences of consumers who purchase products in that market. | |b. |income tax rates of consumers in that market. | |c. |firms’ costs of production in that market. | |d. |interest rates on government bonds. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-0 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 5. Suppose a firm in each of the two markets listed below were to increase its price by 20 percent. In which pair would the firm in the first market listed experience a dramatic decline in sales, but the firm in the second market listed would not? |a. |corn and soybeans | |b. gasoline and restaurants | |c. |water and cable television | |d. |spiral notebooks and college textbooks | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-0 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applica tive 6. Suppose a firm in each of the two markets listed below were to increase its price by 30 percent.In which pair would the firm in the first market listed experience a dramatic decline in sales, but the firm in the second market listed would not? |a. |oil and natural gas | |b. |cable television and gasoline | |c. |restaurants and MP3 players | |d. |movie theaters and ballpoint pens | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-0NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applicative What is a Competitive Market? 1. A KEY CHARACTERISTIC OF A COMPETITIVE MARKET IS THAT |a. |government antitrust laws regulate competition. | |b. |producers sell nearly identical products. | |c. |firms minimize total costs. | |d. |firms have price setting power. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Definitional 2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a competitive market? |a. |Buyers and sellers are price takers. | |b. |Each firm sells a virtually identical product. |c. |Entry is limited. | |d. |Each firm chooses an output level that maximizes profits. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Definitional 3. Which of the following is a characteristic of a competitive market? |a. |There are many buyers but few sellers. | |b. |Firms sell differentiated products. | |c. |There are many barriers to entry. | |d. |Buyers and sellers are price takers. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Definitional 4. Who is a price taker in a competitive market? |a. buyers only | |b. |sellers only | |c. |both buyers and sellers | |d. |neither buyers nor sellers | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Definitional 5. Competitive markets are characterized by |a. |a small number of buyers and sellers. | |b. |unique products. | |c. the interdependence of firms. | |d. |free entry and exit by fi rms. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Definitional 6. A market is competitive if |(i) |firms have the flexibility to price their own product. | |(ii) |each buyer is small compared to the market. | |(iii) |each seller is small compared to the market. | |a. |(i) and (ii) only | |b. |(i) and (iii) only | |c. (ii) and (iii) only | |d. |(i), (ii), and (iii) | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 7. A firm that has little ability to influence market prices operates in a |a. |competitive market. | |b. |strategic market. | |c. |thin market. | |d. |power market. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Definitional 8. In a competitive market, the actions of any single buyer or seller will |a. have a negligible impact on the market price. | |b. |have little effect on market equilibrium quantity but will affect market equilibr ium price. | |c. |affect marginal revenue and average revenue but not price. | |d. |adversely affect the profitability of more than one firm in the market. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 9. In a competitive market, the actions of any single buyer or seller will |a. |discourage entry by competitors. | |b. |influence the profits of other firms in the market. | |c. |have a negligible impact on the market price. | |d. None of the above is correct. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 10. Because the goods offered for sale in a competitive market are largely the same, |a. |there will be few sellers in the market. | |b. |there will be few buyers in the market. | |c. |only a few buyers will have market power. | |d. |sellers will have little reason to charge less than the going market price. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:C ompetitive markets MSC:Interpretive 11. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market? a. |Firms are price takers. | |b. |Firms have difficulty entering the market. | |c. |There are many sellers in the market. | |d. |Goods offered for sale are largely the same. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 12. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market? |a. |Firms are price takers. | |b. |Firms can freely enter the market. | |c. |Many firms have market power. | |d. |Goods offered for sale are largely the same. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 3. Free entry means that |a. |the government pays any entry costs for individual firms. | |b. |no legal barriers prevent a firm from entering an industry. | |c. |a firm's marginal cost is zero. | |d. |a firm has no fixed costs in the short run. | ANS :BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 14. Which of the following industries is most likely to exhibit the characteristic of free entry? |a. |nuclear power | |b. |municipal water and sewer | |c. dairy farming | |d. |airport security | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applicative 15. Which of the following industries is most likely to exhibit the characteristic of free entry? |a. |cable television | |b. |satellite radio | |c. |mineral mining | |d. t-shirt silkscreening | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applicative 16. Which of the following industries is least likely to exhibit the characteristic of free entry? |a. |restaurants | |b. |municipal water and sewer | |c. |soybean farming | |d. |selling running apparel | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applicative 17. Which of the following industries is least likely to exhibit the characteristic of free entry? |a. |selling running apparel | |b. |wheat farming | |c. |yoga studios | |d. |satellite radio | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applicative 8. When buyers in a competitive market take the selling price as given, they are said to be |a. |market entrants. | |b. |monopolists. | |c. |free riders. | |d. |price takers. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Definitional 19. When firms are said to be price takers, it implies that if a firm raises its price, |a. |buyers will go elsewhere. | |b. |buyers will pay the higher price in the short run. | |c. |competitors will also raise their prices. | |d. |firms in the industry will exercise market power. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 20. Which of the following statements best re flects a price-taking firm? |a. |If the firm were to charge more than the going price, it would sell none of its goods. | |b. |The firm has an incentive to charge less than the market price to earn higher revenue. | |c. |The firm can sell only a limited amount of output at the market price before the market price will fall. | |d. |Price-taking firms maximize profits by charging a price above marginal cost. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 1. Why does a firm in a competitive industry charge the market price? |a. |If a firm charges less than the market price, it loses potential revenue. | |b. |If a firm charges more than the market price, it loses all its customers to other firms. | |c. |The firm can sell as many units of output as it wants to at the market price. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 22. In a competi tive market, no single producer can influence the market price because |a. |many other sellers are offering a product that is ssentially identical. | |b. |consumers have more influence over the market price than producers do. | |c. |government intervention prevents firms from influencing price. | |d. |producers agree not to change the price. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 23. A competitive firm would benefit from charging a price below the market price because the firm would achieve |(i) |higher average revenue. | |(ii) |higher profits. | |(iii) |lower total costs. | |a. |(i) only | |b. (ii) and (iii) only | |c. |(i), (ii), and (iii) | |d. |None of the above is correct. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 24. Which of the following characteristics of competitive markets is necessary for firms to be price takers? |(i) |There are many sellers. | |(i i) |Firms can freely enter or exit the market. | |(iii) |Goods offered for sale are largely the same. |a. |(i) and (ii) only | |b. |(i) and (iii) only | |c. |(ii) only | |d. |(i), (ii), and (iii) | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 25. Suppose a firm in a competitive market reduces its output by 20 percent. As a result, the price of its output is likely to |a. |increase. | |b. |remain unchanged. | |c. decrease by less than 20 percent. | |d. |decrease by more than 20 percent. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Analytical 26. The Doris Dairy Farm sells milk to a dairy broker in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Because the market for milk is generally considered to be competitive, the Doris Dairy Farm does not |a. |choose the quantity of milk to produce. | |b. |choose the price at which it sells its milk. | |c. |have any fixed costs of production. | |d. |set marginal re venue equal to marginal cost to maximize profit. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 27. The Doris Dairy Farm sells milk to a dairy broker in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Because the market for milk is generally considered to be competitive, the Doris Dairy Farm does not choose the |a. |quantity of milk to produce. | |b. |price at which it sells its milk. | |c. |profits it earns. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 28. In a competitive market, |a. |no single buyer or seller can influence the price of the product. |b. |there are only a small number of sellers. | |c. |the goods offered by the different sellers are unique. | |d. |accounting profit is driven to zero as firms freely enter and exit the market. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 29. Which of the following statements regarding a competitive market is not correct? |a. |There are many buyers and many sellers in the market. | |b. |Because of firm location or product differences, some firms can charge a higher price than other firms and still | | |maintain their sales volume. | |c. Price and average revenue are equal. | |d. |Price and marginal revenue are equal. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 30. Which of the following statements regarding a competitive market is not correct? |a. |There are many buyers and many sellers in the market. | |b. |Firms can freely enter or exit the market. | |c. |Price equals average revenue. | |d. |Price exceeds marginal revenue. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 31. One of the defining characteristics of a perfectly competitive market is |a. a small number of sellers. | |b. |a large number of buyers and a smal l number of sellers. | |c. |a similar product. | |d. |significant advertising by firms to promote their products. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Definitional 32. Which of the following firms is the closest to being a perfectly competitive firm? |a. |a hot dog vendor in New York | |b. |Microsoft Corporation | |c. |Ford Motor Company | |d. the campus bookstore | ANS:APTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applicative 33. Which of the following firms is the closest to being a perfectly competitive firm? |a. |the New York Yankees | |b. |Apple, Inc. | |c. |DeBeers diamond wholesalers | |d. |a wheat farmer in Kansas |ANS:DPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applicative 34. Firms that operate in perfectly competitive markets try to |a. |maximize revenues. | |b. |maximize profits. | |c. |equate marginal revenue with average total cost. | |d. |A ll of the above are correct. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 35. A seller in a competitive market can |a. |sell all he wants at the going price, so he has little reason to charge less. | |b. |influence the market price by adjusting his output. | |c. influence the profits earned by competing firms by adjusting his output. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 36. A seller in a competitive market |a. |can sell all he wants at the going price, so he has little reason to charge less. | |b. |will lose all his customers to other sellers if he raises his price. | |c. |considers the market price to be a â€Å"take it or leave it† price. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 7. In a perfectly competitive market, |a. | no one seller can influence the price of the product. | |b. |price exceeds marginal revenue for each unit sold. | |c. |average revenue exceeds marginal revenue for each unit sold. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 38. For a firm in a competitive market, an increase in the quantity produced by the firm will result in |a. |a decrease in the product’s market price. | |b. |an increase in the product’s market price. | |c. |no change in the product’s market price. |d. |either an increase or no change in the product’s market price depending on the number of firms in the market. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive 39. If Cathy’s Coffee Emporium sells its product in a competitive market, then |a. |the price of that product depends on the quantity of the product that Cathy’s Coffee E mporium produces and sells | | |because Cathy’s Coffee Emporium’s demand curve is downward sloping. | |b. |Cathy’s Coffee Emporium's total revenue must be proportional to its quantity of output. | |c. Cathy’s Coffee Emporium's total cost must be a constant multiple of its quantity of output. | |d. |Cathy’s Coffee Emporium's total revenue must be equal to its average revenue. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:3REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Total revenue MSC:Analytical 40. Changes in the output of a perfectly competitive firm, without any change in the price of the product, will change the firm's |a. |total revenue. | |b. |marginal revenue. | |c. |average revenue. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Total revenue MSC:Analytical 41.If a firm in a perfectly competitive market triples the quantity of output sold, then total revenue will |a. |more than triple. | |b. |less than triple. | |c . |exactly triple. | |d. |Any of the above may be true depending on the firm’s labor productivity. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Total revenue MSC:Analytical 42. When a competitive firm doubles the quantity of output it sells, its |a. |total revenue doubles. | |b. |average revenue doubles. | |c. |marginal revenue doubles. | |d. |profits must increase. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Total revenueMSC:Analytical 43. If a firm in a competitive market doubles its number of units sold, total revenue for the firm will |a. |more than double. | |b. |double. | |c. |increase but by less than double. | |d. |may increase or decrease depending on the price elasticity of demand. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Total revenue MSC:Analytical Table 14-1 |Quantity |Price | |0 |$5 | |1 |$5 | |2 |$5 | |3 |$5 | 4 |$5 | |5 |$5 | |6 |$5 | |7 |$5 | |8 |$5 | |9 |$5 | 44. Refer to Table 14-1. The price and quantity relationship in the table is most likely a demand curve faced by a firm in a |a. |monopoly. | |b. |concentrated market. | |c. |competitive market. | |d. |strategic market. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Analytical 45. Refer to Table 14-1.Over which range of output is average revenue equal to price? |a. |1 to 5 units | |b. |3 to 7 units | |c. |5 to 9 units | |d. |Average revenue is equal to price over the entire range of output. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Average revenue MSC:Analytical 46. Refer to Table 14-1. Over what range of output is marginal revenue declining? |a. 1 to 6 units | |b. |3 to 7 units | |c. |7 to 9 units | |d. |Marginal revenue is constant over the entire range of output. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue MSC:Analytical 47. Refer to Table 14-1. If the firm doubles its output from 3 to 6 units, total revenue will |a. |increase by less than $15. | |b. |increase by exactly $15. |c. |increase by more than $15. | |d. |Total revenue cannot be determined from the information provided. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Total revenue MSC:Applicative Table 14-2 The table represents a demand curve faced by a firm in a competitive market. |Price |Quantity | |$4 |0 | |$4 |1 | |$4 |2 | |$4 |3 | |$4 |4 | |$4 |5 | 48. Refer to Table 14-2. A firm operating in a competitive market maximizes total revenue by producing |a. |2 units. |b. |3 units. | |c. |4 units. | |d. |as many units as possible. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Total revenue MSC:Applicative 49. Refer to Table 14-2. For a firm operating in a competitive market, the average revenue from selling 3 units is |a. |$12. | |b. |$4. | |c. |$3. | |d. |$1. 25. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Average revenue MSC:Applicative 50. Refer to Table 14-2. For a f irm operating in a competitive market, the marginal revenue from selling the 3rd unit is |a. |$12. | |b. |$4. | |c. |$3. | |d. |$1. 25. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:3REF:14-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue MSC:Applicative Table 14-3 |Quantity |Total Revenue | |0 |$0 | |1 |$7 | |2 |$14 | |3 |$21 | |4 |$28 | 51. Refer to Table 14-3. For a firm operating in a competitive market, the price is |a. |$0. | |b. |$7. | |c. |$14. | |d. |$21. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applicative 52.Refer to Table 14-3. For a firm operating in a competitive market, the marginal revenue is |a. |$0. | |b. |$7. | |c. |$14. | |d. |$21. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue MSC:Applicative 53. Refer to Table 14-3. For a firm operating in a competitive market, the average revenue is |a. |$21. | |b. |$14. | |c. |$7. | |d. |$0. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Average re venue MSC:Applicative Table 14-4 |Quantity |Total Revenue | |0 |$0 | |1 |$15 | 2 |$30 | |3 |$45 | |4 |$60 | 54. Refer to Table 14-4. For a firm operating in a competitive market, the price is |a. |$45. | |b. |$30. | |c. |$15. | |d. |$0. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applicative 55. Refer to Table 14-4. For a firm operating in a competitive market, the marginal revenue is |a. |$45. | |b. |$30. | |c. |$15. | |d. |$0. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue MSC:Applicative 56.Refer to Table 14-4. For a firm operating in a competitive market, the average revenue is |a. |$45. | |b. |$30. | |c. |$15. | |d. |$0. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Average revenue MSC:Applicative Table 14-5 |Quantity |Total Revenue | |12 |$132 | |13 |$143 | |14 |$154 | |15 |$165 | |16 |$176 | 57. Refer to Table 14-5.The price of the product is |a. |$9. | |b. |$11. | |c. |$13. | | d. |$15. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Applicative 58. Refer to Table 14-5. The average revenue when 14 units are produced and sold is |a. |$9. | |b. |$11. | |c. |$13. | |d. |$15. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Average revenue MSC:Analytical 59. Refer to Table 14-5. The marginal revenue of the 12th unit is |a. |$9. | |b. |$10. | |c. |$11 | |d. The marginal revenue cannot be determined without knowing the total revenue when 11 units are sold. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue MSC:Analytical Table 14-6 The following table presents cost and revenue information for a firm operating in a competitive industry. |COSTS |REVENUES | |Quantity |Total |Marginal |Quantity |Price |Total |Marginal | |Produced |Cost |Cost |Demanded | Revenue |Revenue | |  0 |$100 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€ |  0 |  $120 | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€ | |  1 |$150 | |  1 |  $120 | | | |  2 |$202 | |  2 |  $120 | | | |  3 |$257 | |  3 |  $120 | | | |  4 |$317 | |  4 |  $120 | | | |  5 |$385 | |  5 |  $120 | | | |  6 |$465 | |  6 |  $120 | | | |  7 |$562 | |  7 |  $120 | | | |  8 |$682 | |  8 |  $120 | | | 60. Refer to Table 14-6. What is the total revenue from selling 7 units? |a. $120 | |b. |$490 | |c. |$562 | |d. |$840 | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Total revenue MSC:Applicative 61. Refer to Table 14-6. What is the total revenue from selling 4 units? |a. |$120 | |b. |$257 | |c. $317 | |d. |$480 | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Total revenue MSC:Applicative 62. Refer to Table 14-6. What is the marginal revenue from selling the 3rd unit? |a. |$55 | |b. |$120 | |c. |$137 | |d. |$140 | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue MSC:Applicative 63. Refer to Table 14-6. What is the average revenue when 4 units are sold? |a. |$60 | |b. |$120 | |c. |$125 | |d. |$197 | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Average revenue MSC:Applicative 64. Which of the following statements is correct? a. |For all firms, marginal revenue equals the price of the good. | |b. |Only for competitive firms does average revenue equal the price of the good. | |c. |Marginal revenue can be calculated as total revenue divided by the quantity sold. | |d. |Only for competitive firms does average revenue equal marginal revenue. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:3REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competition TOP:Average revenue | Marginal revenueMSC:Interpretive 65. Suppose a firm in a competitive market earned $1,000 in total revenue and had a marginal revenue of $10 for the last unit produced and sold. What is the average revenue per unit, and how many units were sold? |a. $5 and 50 units | |b. |$5 and 100 units | |c. |$10 and 50 units | |d. |$10 and 100 units | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionT OP:Average revenue MSC:Applicative 66. Which of the following statements regarding a competitive firm is correct? |a. |Because demand is downward sloping, if a firm increases its level of output, the firm will have to charge a lower | | |price to sell the additional output. | |b. If a firm raises its price, the firm may be able to increase its total revenue even though it will sell fewer units. | |c. |By lowering its price below the market price, the firm will benefit from selling more units at the lower price than | | |it could have sold by charging the market price. | |d. |For all firms, average revenue equals the price of the good. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Average revenue MSC:Analytical 67. Suppose a firm in a competitive market produces and sells 150 units of output and earns $1,800 in total revenue from the sales. If the firm increases its output to 200 units, the average revenue of the 200th unit will be |a. less than $12. | |b. |more th an $12. | |c. |$12. | |d. |Any of the above may be correct depending on the price elasticity of demand for the product. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Average revenue MSC:Analytical 68. Suppose a firm in a competitive market produces and sells 150 units of output and earns $1,800 in total revenue from the sales. If the firm increases its output to 200 units, total revenue will be |a. |$2,000. | |b. |$2,400. | |c. |$4,200. | |d. |We do not have enough information to answer the question. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Total revenue MSC:Analytical 69.Firms operating in competitive markets produce output levels where marginal revenue equals |a. |price. | |b. |average revenue. | |c. |total revenue divided by output. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competition TOP:Marginal revenue | Average revenueMSC:Applicative 70. For a competitive firm, |a. |total revenue equals a verage revenue. | |b. |total revenue equals marginal revenue. | |c. |total cost equals marginal revenue. | |d. |average revenue equals marginal revenue. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competition TOP:Marginal revenue | Average revenueMSC:Definitional 71.Suppose that a firm operating in perfectly competitive market sells 100 units of output. Its total revenues from the sale are $500. Which of the following statements is correct? |(i) |Marginal revenue equals $5. | |(ii) |Average revenue equals $5. | |(iii) |Price equals $5. | |a. |(i) only | |b. |(iii) only | |c. |(i) and (ii) only | |d. |(i), (ii), and (iii) | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue | Average revenueMSC:Analytical 72. Suppose that a firm operating in perfectly competitive market sells 200 units of output at a price of $3 each. Which of the following statements is correct? |(i) |Marginal revenue equals $3. | |(ii) |Average revenue equals $600. | |(iii) |Ave rage revenue exceeds marginal revenue, but we don’t know by how much. | |a. |(i) only | |b. |(iii) only | |c. |(i) and (ii) only | |d. (i), (ii), and (iii) | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competition TOP:Marginal revenue | Average revenueMSC:Analytical 73. Suppose that a firm operating in perfectly competitive market sells 300 units of output at a price of $3 each. Which of the following statements is correct? |(i) |Marginal revenue equals $3. | |(ii) |Average revenue equals $100. | |(iii) |Total revenue equals $300. | |a. |(i) only | |b. |(iii) only | |c. (i) and (ii) only | |d. |(i), (ii), and (iii) | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competition TOP:Marginal revenue | Average revenueMSC:Analytical 74. Suppose that a firm operating in perfectly competitive market sells 400 units of output at a price of $4 each. Which of the following statements is correct? |(i) |Marginal revenue equals $4. | |(ii) |Average revenue equals $100. | |(iii) |Total revenue equals $1,600. | |a. |(i) only | |b. (iii) only | |c. |(i) and (iii) only | |d. |(i), (ii), and (iii) | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competition TOP:Marginal revenue | Average revenueMSC:Analytical 75. For a firm operating in a competitive industry, which of the following statements is not correct? |a. |Price equals average revenue. | |b. |Price equals marginal revenue. | |c. |Total revenue is constant. | |d. |Marginal revenue is constant. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue | Average revenueMSC:Interpretive 76. For a firm in a perfectly competitive market, the price of the good is always |a. |equal to marginal revenue. | |b. |equal to total revenue. | |c. |greater than average revenue. | |d. |equal to the firm’s efficient scale of output. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue MSC:Interpretive 77. Suppose a firm in a competitive market produces and se lls 8 units of output and has a marginal revenue of $8. 00. What would be the firm's total revenue if it instead produced and sold 4 units of output? |a. |$4 | |b. |$8 | |c. $32 | |d. |$64 | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue MSC:Applicative 78. Whenever a perfectly competitive firm chooses to change its level of output, its marginal revenue |a. |increases if MR < ATC and decreases if MR > ATC. | |b. |does not change. | |c. |increases. | |d. |decreases. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal revenue MSC:Interpretive 79. Suppose that in a competitive market the equilibrium price is $2. 50.What is marginal revenue for the last unit sold by the typical firm in this market? |a. |less than $2. 50 | |b. |more than $2. 50 | |c. |exactly $2. 50 | |d. |The marginal revenue cannot be determined without knowing the actual quantity sold by the typical firm. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competi tionTOP:Marginal revenue MSC:Interpretive 80. For an individual firm operating in a competitive market, marginal revenue equals |a. |average revenue and the price for all levels of output. | |b. |average revenue, which is greater than the price for all levels of output. | |c. average revenue, the price, and marginal cost for all levels of output. | |d. |marginal cost, which is greater than average revenue for all levels of output. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competition TOP:Marginal revenue | Average revenueMSC:Interpretive 81. If the market elasticity of demand for potatoes is -0. 3 in a perfectly competitive market, then the individual farmer's elasticity of demand |a. |will also be -0. 3. | |b. |depends on how large a crop the farmer produces. | |c. |will range between -0. 3 and -1. 0. | |d. |will be infinite. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:3REF:14-1 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Elasticity MSC:AnalyticalProfit Maximization and the Competitive Firm's Supply Curve 1. IF A COMPETITIVE FIRM IS CURRENTLY PRODUCING A LEVEL OF OUTPUT AT WHICH MARGINAL REVENUE EXCEEDS MARGINAL COST, THEN |a. |a one-unit increase in output will increase the firm's profit. | |b. |a one-unit decrease in output will increase the firm's profit. | |c. |total revenue exceeds total cost. | |d. |total cost exceeds total revenue. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 2. If a competitive firm is currently producing a level of output at which marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, then |a. |a one-unit increase in output will increase the firm's profit. | |b. a one-unit decrease in output will increase the firm's profit. | |c. |total revenue exceeds total cost. | |d. |total cost exceeds total revenue. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 3. If a competitive firm is currently producing a level of output at which marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, then |a . |average revenue exceeds marginal cost. | |b. |the firm is earning a positive profit. | |c. |decreasing output would increase the firm's profit. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 4. Comparing marginal revenue to marginal cost (i) |reveals the contribution of the last unit of production to total profit. | |(ii) |is helpful in making profit-maximizing production decisions. | |(iii) |tells a firm whether its fixed costs are too high. | |a. |(i) only | |b. |(i) and (ii) only | |c. |(ii) and (iii) only | |d. |(i) and (iii) only | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Interpretive 5. At the profit-maximizing level of output, |a. |marginal revenue equals average total cost. | |b. |marginal revenue equals average variable cost. | |c. |marginal revenue equals marginal cost. | |d. |average revenue equals average total cost. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2RE F:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Interpretive 6. The intersection of a firm's marginal revenue and marginal cost curves determines the level of output at which |a. |total revenue is equal to variable cost. | |b. |total revenue is equal to fixed cost. | |c. |total revenue is equal to total cost. | |d. |profit is maximized. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Interpretive 7. For a certain firm, the 100th unit of output that the firm produces has a marginal revenue of $10 and a marginal cost of $7. It follows that the |a. |production of the 100th unit of output increases the firm's profit by $3. | |b. |production of the 100th unit of output increases the firm's average total cost by $7. | |c. |firm's profit-maximizing level of output is less than 100 units. | |d. |production of the 99th unit of output must increase the firm’s profit by less than $3. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perf ect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 8.For a certain firm, the 100th unit of output that the firm produces has a marginal revenue of $10 and a marginal cost of $11. It follows that the |a. |production of the 100th unit of output increases the firm's profit by $1. | |b. |production of the 100th unit of output increases the firm's average total cost by $1. | |c. |firm's profit-maximizing level of output is less than 100 units. | |d. |production of the 110th unit of output must increase the firm’s profit but by less than $1. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 9. A certain competitive firm sells its output for $20 per unit. The 50th unit of output that the firm produces has a marginal cost of $22.Production of the 50th unit of output does not necessarily |a. |increase the firm's total revenue by $20. | |b. |increase the firm's total cost by $22. | |c. |decrease the firm's profit by $2. | |d. |increase t he firm’s average variable cost by $0. 44. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:3REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 10. Sam sells soybeans to a broker in Chicago, Illinois. Because the market for soybeans is generally considered to be competitive, Sam maximizes his profit by choosing |a. |to produce the quantity at which average variable cost is minimized. | |b. |to produce the quantity at which average fixed cost is minimized. |c. |to sell at a price where marginal cost is equal to average total cost. | |d. |the quantity at which market price is equal to Sam's marginal cost of production. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 11. If a competitive firm is selling 1,000 units of its product at a price of $9 per unit and earning a positive profit, then |a. |its total cost is less than $9,000. | |b. |its marginal revenue is less than $9. | |c. |its average revenue is greater than $9. | |d. |the firm cannot be a competitive firm because competitive firms cannot earn positive profits. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 12. If a competitive firm is selling 1,000 units of its product at a price of $8 per unit and earning a positive profit, then |a. |its average revenue is greater than $8. | |b. |its marginal revenue is less than $8. | |c. |its total cost is less than $8,000. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 13. Max sells maps. The map industry is competitive. Max hires a business consultant to analyze his company’s financial records. The consultant recommends that Max increase his production. The consultant must have concluded that Max’s |a. total revenues exceed his total accounting costs. | |b. |marginal revenue exceeds his total cost. | |c. |marginal revenue exceeds his marginal cost. | |d. |margina l cost exceeds his marginal revenue. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Interpretive 14. Christopher is a professional tennis player who gives tennis lessons. The industry is competitive. Christopher hires a business consultant to analyze his financial records. The consultant recommends that Christopher give fewer tennis lessons. The consultant must have concluded that Christopher’s |a. |total revenues exceed his total accounting costs. | |b. marginal revenue exceeds his total cost. | |c. |marginal revenue exceeds his marginal cost. | |d. |marginal cost exceeds his marginal revenue. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Interpretive 15. Laura is a gourmet chef who runs a small catering business in a competitive industry. Laura specializes in making wedding cakes. Laura sells 20 wedding cakes per month. Her monthly total revenue is $5,000. The marginal cost of making a wedding cake is $300. In order to maximize profits, Laura should |a. |make more than 20 wedding cakes per month. | |b. |make fewer than 20 wedding cakes per month. | |c. continue to make 20 wedding cakes per month. | |d. |We do not have enough information with which to answer the question. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:3REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 16. Laura is a gourmet chef who runs a small catering business in a competitive industry. Laura specializes in making wedding cakes. Laura sells 20 wedding cakes per month. Her monthly total revenue is $5,000. The marginal cost of making a wedding cake is $200. In order to maximize profits, Laura should |a. |make more than 20 wedding cakes per month. | |b. |make fewer than 20 wedding cakes per month. | |c. |continue to make 20 wedding cakes per month. | |d. We do not have enough information with which to answer the question. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:3REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MS C:Analytical 17. Marcia is a fashion designer who runs a small clothing business in a competitive industry. Marcia specializes in making designer dresses. Marcia sells 10 dresses per month. Her monthly total revenue is $5,000. The marginal cost of making a dress is $400. In order to maximize profits, Marcia should |a. |make more than 10 dresses per month. | |b. |make fewer than 10 dresses per month. | |c. |continue to make 10 dresses per month. | |d. |We do not have enough information with which to answer the question. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:3REF:14-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 18. Marcia is a fashion designer who runs a small clothing business in a competitive industry. Marcia specializes in making designer dresses. Marcia sells 10 dresses per month. Her monthly total revenue is $5,000. The marginal cost of making a dress is $500. In order to maximize profits, Marcia should |a. |make more than 10 dresses per month. | |b. |make fewer than 10 dres ses per month. | |c. |continue to make 10 dresses per month. | |d. |We do not have enough information with which to answer the question. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:3REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 19.Marcia is a fashion designer who runs a small clothing business in a competitive industry. Marcia specializes in making designer dresses. Marcia sells 10 dresses per month. Her monthly total revenue is $5,000. The marginal cost of making a dress is $600. In order to maximize profits, Marcia should |a. |make more than 10 dresses per month. | |b. |make fewer than 10 dresses per month. | |c. |continue to make 10 dresses per month. | |d. |We do not have enough information with which to answer the question. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:3REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 20. A competitive firm has been selling its output for $20 per unit and has been maximizing its profit, which is positive.Then, the price rises to $25, a nd the firm makes whatever adjustments are necessary to maximize its profit at the now-higher price. Once the firm has adjusted, its |a. |quantity of output is higher than it was previously. | |b. |average total cost is higher than it was previously. | |c. |marginal revenue is higher than it was previously. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:3REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Interpretive 21. A competitive firm has been selling its output for $20 per unit and has been maximizing its profit, which is positive. Then, the price falls to $18, and the firm makes whatever adjustments are necessary to maximize its profit at the now-lower price. Once the firm has adjusted, its |a. quantity of output is lower than it was previously. | |b. |average total cost is lower than it was previously. | |c. |marginal cost is higher than it was previously. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competit ionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Interpretive 22. A competitive firm has been selling its output for $10 per unit and has been maximizing its profit. Then, the price rises to $14, and the firm makes whatever adjustments are necessary to maximize its profit at the now-higher price. Once the firm has adjusted, its |a. |marginal revenue is lower than it was previously. | |b. |marginal cost is lower than it was previously. | |c. quantity of output is higher than it was previously. | |d. |All of the above are correct. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Interpretive 23. When profit-maximizing firms in competitive markets are earning profits, |a. |market demand must exceed market supply at the market equilibrium price. | |b. |market supply must exceed market demand at the market equilibrium price. | |c. |new firms will enter the market. | |d. |the most inefficient firms will be encouraged to leave the market. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:Ana lyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive markets MSC:Interpretive Table 14-7Suppose that a firm in a competitive market faces the following revenues and costs: | |Marginal |Marginal | |Quantity |Cost |Revenue | |12 |$5 |$9 | |13 |$6 |$9 | |14 |$7 |$9 | |15 |$8 |$9 | |16 |$9 |$9 | |17 |$10   |$9 | 24. Refer to Table 14-7. If the firm is currently producing 14 units, what would you advise the owners? |a. |decrease quantity to 13 units | |b. |increase quantity to 17 units | |c. |continue to operate at 14 units | |d. increase quantity to 16 units | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:1REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Applicative 25. Refer to Table 14-7. If the firm is maximizing profit, how much profit is it earning? |a. |$0 | |b. |$1 | |c. |$10 | |d. |There is insufficient data to determine the firm’s profit. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit MSC:Applicative Table 14-8Suppose that a firm in a competitive market faces the following revenues and costs: |Quantity |Total Revenue |Total Cost | |0 |$0 |$3 | |1 |$7 |$5 | |2 |$14 |$8 | |3 |$21 |$12 | |4 |$28 |$17 | |5 |$35 |$23 | |6 |$42 |$30 | |7 |$49 |$38 | 26. Refer to Table 14-8.The firm will not produce an output level beyond |a. |4 units. | |b. |5 units. | |c. |6 units. | |d. |7 units. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Applicative 27. Refer to Table 14-8. The firm will produce a quantity greater than 4 because at 4 units of output, marginal cost |a. |is less than marginal revenue. | |b. |equals marginal revenue. | |c. |is greater than marginal revenue. | |d. |is minimized. | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Applicative 28. Refer to Table 14-8. In order to maximize profits, the firm will produce |a. |1 unit of output because marginal cost is minimized. | |b. 4 units of output because marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost. | |c. |6 units of output because marginal revenue equals marginal cost. | |d. |8 units of output because total revenue is maximized. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Applicative Table 14-9 Suppose that a firm in a competitive market faces the following revenues and costs: |Quantity |Total Revenue |Total Cost | |0 |$0 |$10 | |1 | $9 | $14 | |2 $18 | $19 | |3 |$27 | $25 | |4 |$36 | $32 | |5 |$45 | $40 | |6 |$54 | $49 | |7 |$63 | $59 | |8 |$72 | $70 | |9 |$81 | $82 | 29. Refer to Table 14-9. If the firm produces 4 units of output, |a. |marginal cost is $4. | |b. |total revenue is greater than variable cost. | |c. |marginal revenue is less than marginal cost. | |d. |the firm is maximizing profit. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Competitive firms MSC:Analytical 30. Refer to Table 14-9. At which quantity of output is marginal revenue equal to marginal cost? |a. 3 units | |b. |6 units | |c. |8 units | |d. |9 units | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Applicative 31. Refer to Table 14-9. In order to maximize profit, the firm will produce a level of output where marginal revenue is equal to |a. |$6. | |b. |$7. | |c. |$8. | |d. |$9. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Applicative 32. Refer to Table 14-9. In order to maximize profit, the firm will produce a level of output where marginal cost is equal to |a. |$5. | |b. |$7. | |c. |$9. | |d. |$10. | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Applicative 33. Refer to Table 14-9. The maximum profit available to the firm is |a. |$2. | |b. |$3. | |c. |$4. | |d. |$5. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Applicative 34. Refer to Table 14-9. If the firm’s marginal cost is $11, it should |a. |increase production to maximize profit. | |b. increase the pri ce of the product to maximize profit. | |c. |advertise to attract additional buyers to maximize profit. | |d. |reduce production to increase profit. | ANS:DPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Analytical 35. Refer to Table 14-9. If the firm’s marginal cost is $5, it should |a. |reduce fixed costs by lowering production. | |b. |increase production to maximize profit. | |c. |decrease production to maximize profit. | |d. |maintain its current level of production to maximize profit. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Analytical Table 14-10Suppose that a firm in a competitive market faces the following revenues and costs: |Quantity |Total Revenue |Total Cost | |0 |$0 |$3 | |1 |$7 |$5 | |2 |$14 |$9 | |3 |$21 |$15 | |4 |$28 |$23 | |5 |$35 |$33 | |6 |$42 |$45 | |7 |$49 |$59 | 36. Refer to Table 14-10. The marginal cost of producing the 4th unit is |a. |$7. | |b. |$8. | |c. |$10. | |d. | $23. | ANS:BPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Marginal cost MSC:Applicative 37. Refer to Table 14-10. At which level of production will the firm maximize profit? |a. |3 units | |b. |4 units | |c. |5 units | |d. 6 units | ANS:APTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2 NAT:AnalyticLOC:Perfect competitionTOP:Profit maximization MSC:Applicative 38. Refer to Table 14-10. If the firm produces the profit-maximizing level of production, how much profit will the firm earn? |a. |$2 | |b. |$4 | |c. |$6 | |d. |$8 | ANS:CPTS:1DIF:2REF:14-2